Inputs
Results
Range
127.1 km
- Total consumption: 3.2 Wh/km
- Usable battery: 404 Wh
- Ride time at set speed: 5.08 h
Load share: Rolling • Aero • Grade
Quick tips to extend range
- Reduce frontal area or speed. Aerodynamic drag dominates at your chosen speed.
- Increase human power contribution by 50 W to gain noticeable extra range.
- Limit stop‑starts or use eco assist in traffic; acceleration losses add up.
- Use lights in low mode when possible; accessories draw constant power.
Assumptions & Formulae
We estimate energy per kilometer from resistive forces:
F = m g C_rr + ½ ρ C_d A v_rel² + m g grade
Wh/km (mechanical) = F × 1000 / 3600
Motor Wh/km = max(Wh/km − Human_W / v_km_h, 0) ÷ (η_motor × η_drivetrain)
Stops: Wh/km += stops_per_km × ½ m v² × (1 − regen) ÷ 3600
Range (km) = Usable_Wh ÷ Total_Wh/km
This is a steady‑state model; real‑world results vary with gusts, surfaces, and altitude.
Frequently Asked Questions
Aerodynamic drag rises with the square of relative air speed and power demand with the cube. Riding slightly slower often saves more energy than reducing mass.
Typical Crr ranges from 0.004 for efficient slicks to 0.010 or higher for knobby tires. CdA for upright posture is about 0.6 m², drops toward 0.3 m² with aerodynamic posture or fairings.
Colder air is denser, increasing aerodynamic drag. Cells also deliver slightly less capacity in the cold. You can model the drag effect here via the temperature input.
Yes. Accelerating a heavy bike repeatedly consumes kinetic energy. Unless you recover much of it with regeneration, frequent stops materially reduce range in urban riding.
Leisure riders often contribute 70–120 W continuously. Stronger riders or higher assist levels can vary widely. Set a value that matches your sustainable effort for the trip.
Wind gusts, traffic, altitude, tire pressure, drivetrain condition, and controller behavior all change consumption. Use the model comparatively to see how changes affect your outcome.
Notes
- Set headwind positive and tailwind negative to adjust the relative air speed.
- Battery usable energy applies both depth‑of‑discharge and pack health multipliers.
- Regen is usually modest on hub systems; mid‑drives often cannot regenerate.