District Heating Load Calculator

Plan network capacity with reliable heating calculations. Adjust temperatures, factors, and heat recovery assumptions easily. Export results for teams, bids, and design records fast.

Inputs
Enter best-known values. Defaults are provided.
Responsive grid: 3 columns desktop · 2 columns tablet · 1 column mobile

Typical: 20–22°C.
Use local winter design temperature.
For annual energy approximation.
Common ranges: 70–90°C.
Must be less than supply.
Lights, people, equipment.
Outdoor air delivery rate.
Applies to ventilation only.
Used for infiltration calculation.
Air changes per hour.
Lower values reduce coincident peak.
Covers uncertainty and contingencies.

Envelope Components (U × Area)
Provide up to five elements. Leave unused areas at zero.
Component 1
UA adds to heat loss
W/m²·K
Component 2
UA adds to heat loss
W/m²·K
Component 3
UA adds to heat loss
W/m²·K
Component 4
UA adds to heat loss
W/m²·K
Component 5
UA adds to heat loss
W/m²·K
Calculation assumptions: air density 1.2 kg/m³, air cp 1006 J/kg·K, water cp 4186 J/kg·K.
Example Data Table
Use these sample values to test the calculator quickly.
Input Value Unit
Indoor setpoint21°C
Outdoor design temp-2°C
Supply / Return80 / 50°C
Ventilation flow120L/s
Heat recovery efficiency0.65
Building volume1200
Infiltration0.35ACH
Internal gains1500W
Diversity / Safety0.95 / 1.10
Walls U × Area0.35 × 520W/m²·K × m²
Roof U × Area0.25 × 340W/m²·K × m²
Windows U × Area1.60 × 120W/m²·K × m²
Formula Used
This tool estimates peak heating power and an annual energy proxy.
1) Envelope heat loss factor
UA_env = Σ(U_i × A_i)
Sum across walls, roof, floor, windows, and other components.
2) Ventilation heat loss factor (with recovery)
UA_vent = ρ_air × c_p_air × V̇_vent × (1 − η_HR)
V̇ in m³/s. η_HR is heat recovery efficiency.
3) Infiltration heat loss factor
V̇_inf = ACH × Volume / 3600

UA_inf = ρ_air × c_p_air × V̇_inf
ACH is air changes per hour; volume in m³.
4) Peak load
Q_loss = (UA_env + UA_vent + UA_inf) × ΔT

Q_net = max(0, Q_loss − InternalGains)

Q_design = Q_net × SafetyFactor × DiversityFactor
ΔT = T_indoor − T_outdoor.
5) Water flow for station sizing
ṁ = Q_design / (c_p_water × ΔT_water)
ΔT_water = T_supply − T_return. Volumetric flow assumes 1000 kg/m³ water density.

Annual energy proxy (HDD method)
E_kWh ≈ UA_total × (HDD × 24) / 1000
This is a planning estimate. Detailed simulations may differ.
How to Use This Calculator

Design conditions and coincidence

District heating sizing starts with agreed indoor setpoints and outdoor design temperatures. The calculator converts these into a design temperature difference that drives peak losses. In multi‑building systems, not every customer peaks simultaneously, so a diversity factor helps represent coincident demand. Selecting realistic coincidence prevents oversizing mains while protecting comfort on the coldest hours. Document assumptions with local climate records, because stakeholders often revisit criteria during procurement, commissioning, and future expansion formal planning cycles.

Envelope heat loss drivers

Envelope losses are modeled using the familiar U‑value times area approach. Separating walls, roof, floors, and glazing highlights where upgrades reduce capacity needs most. A small change in window U‑value can shift network peak, especially when glazing area is large. Use measured areas and conservative U‑values for early design, then refine with drawings and specifications.

Ventilation and recovery impacts

Outdoor air introduces a continuous sensible load. The calculator estimates ventilation heat loss from airflow, air density, and specific heat, then reduces it using heat recovery efficiency. This makes heat recovery a powerful lever for district systems because it lowers both peak capacity and annual energy. If exhaust recovery is uncertain, test a low and high efficiency to bracket outcomes.

Infiltration and safety allowances

Infiltration is represented by air changes per hour and building volume, converted to a flow rate. Leaky buildings can dominate peak load even with decent insulation. A safety factor accounts for modeling uncertainty, wind effects, and future operational drift. Keep the safety factor transparent and aligned with your design standard, especially when the network serves critical occupancy.

Flow outputs for station sizing

Once design load is known, the tool computes mass flow from water specific heat and the selected supply‑return temperature difference. Higher water ΔT reduces required flow, helping smaller pipes and lower pumping energy, but may affect emitter performance. Use the reported flow as a starting point for pressure drop checks, control valve sizing, and substation heat exchanger selection.

FAQs

1) What does UA represent in the results?

UA is the overall heat loss factor in W/K. Multiply UA by the design temperature difference to estimate heat loss power before gains and factors. Lower UA means lower peak capacity and annual energy.

2) How should I pick the outdoor design temperature?

Use your project’s winter design temperature from local weather datasets or code guidance. For district systems, align the value across all connected buildings so the network peak is consistent and defensible.

3) Does the calculator include domestic hot water demand?

No. This tool targets space‑heating load. Domestic hot water is usually added as a separate peak and annual component, often with diversity and storage considerations specific to occupancy and draw profiles.

4) How do diversity and safety factors differ?

Diversity reduces coincident peak across multiple customers. Safety increases capacity to cover uncertainty and operational drift. Apply them intentionally and document the basis, because they can change pipe sizing and plant selection.

5) How reliable is the annual energy estimate?

It is a planning proxy using heating degree days and UA. It is useful for comparisons and early budgeting, but it cannot capture solar gains, schedules, controls, or intermittent operation. Use simulation or metered data for finals.

6) What if my supply and return temperatures vary seasonally?

Enter representative design temperatures for peak conditions. If you operate multiple temperature levels, run scenarios and compare flows and loads. Lower temperature networks often need higher flow, but can reduce distribution losses and enable heat pumps.

  1. Set temperatures: enter indoor and outdoor design temperatures, plus supply and return temperatures.
  2. Add ventilation and infiltration: enter outdoor air flow, heat recovery efficiency, building volume, and ACH.
  3. Describe the envelope: enter U-values and areas for key components; keep unused areas as zero.
  4. Apply factors: use diversity and safety factors to match your design standard.
  5. Calculate and export: press “Calculate Load”, then download CSV or PDF for bids and design notes.

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