Panel Tilt Angle Calculator

Set tilt targets that improve output and returns. Compare seasonal angles and roof limits fast. Download results as CSV or PDF for sharing later.

Inputs

Use your site latitude. South is negative.
Season shifts the target tilt by +/-15 degrees.
Fixed can use roof pitch if provided.
Leave blank if not roof-mounted.
If blank, recommended tilt is used.
East negative, west positive. South is 0.
Used for energy and savings estimates.
Typical ranges: 900-2000 depending on region.
For savings estimate.
Used for simple payback.
Reset
Tip: Run a calculation first to enable CSV/PDF downloads.

Example data table

Sample inputs and typical outputs for illustration.

Latitude Season Mount Selected Tilt Recommended Tilt Loss (est.) Annual Energy Annual Savings
34 Annual Adjustable 34 34 ~0% ~6,860 kWh ~$1,372
40 Winter Fixed 30 (roof) 55 ~12% ~6,160 kWh ~$1,232
25 Summer Adjustable 10 10 ~0% ~7,000 kWh ~$1,400
These examples assume 5 kW and 1,400 kWh per kW-year, at $0.20/kWh.

Formula used

  • Seasonal offset: Summer = -15°, Winter = +15°, Spring/Fall = 0°, Annual = 0°.
  • Recommended tilt: Tilt_rec = clamp(|Latitude| + offset, 0, 90)
  • Tilt loss: Loss_tilt = min(25, (DeltaTilt^2 / 50)), where DeltaTilt = |Tilt_sel - Tilt_rec|
  • Azimuth loss: Loss_az = min(20, (|Azimuth| / 90) * 20)
  • Total loss: Loss_total = min(40, Loss_tilt + Loss_az)
  • Annual energy: E = Base * System * (1 - Loss_total/100)
  • Annual savings: Savings = E * Rate
  • Simple payback: Payback = Cost / Savings (if Savings > 0)
The loss model is a simplified estimate for planning and budgeting.

How to use this calculator

  1. Enter your site latitude and choose a season focus.
  2. Select mount type, then add roof pitch if fixed.
  3. Optionally set a chosen tilt and azimuth offset.
  4. Fill system size, baseline production, rate, and cost.
  5. Press Submit to view results above the form.
  6. Use CSV or PDF downloads to save the output.
For investment decisions, validate with local irradiance data and installer specs.

Professional notes

Budget impact insights

A small change in tilt can shift annual production, which affects cash flow. If your household values predictable bills, target the recommended angle first, then stress‑test alternatives. For example, a 5 kW system producing 1,400 kWh per kW-year yields about 7,000 kWh before losses. At $0.20 per kWh, that gross value is $1,400 per year, useful for planning.

Tilt choices by season

Seasonal tuning matters when winter or summer demand dominates. This calculator applies a simple seasonal offset: winter adds 15 degrees, summer subtracts 15 degrees, and spring/fall stays near latitude. In practice, a 40 degree latitude site may favor roughly 55 degrees in winter for stronger low‑sun capture, while a summer focus may sit closer to 25 degrees to reduce midday reflection losses.

Orientation and losses

Facing direction can be as important as tilt. The azimuth offset measures how far the array points away from true south. If your roof points west by 45 degrees, the model applies a proportional penalty, lowering expected output. This highlights why a slightly imperfect tilt may be acceptable if the orientation is strong, while large azimuth errors can dominate the loss budget.

Energy and savings estimates

The energy estimate combines baseline production with system size, then reduces output by modeled losses. Because rate structures vary, the savings figure is a clean starting point rather than a guarantee. Use your local tariff, then compare savings against installed cost to see simple payback. If incentives apply, adjust cost downward to reflect rebates or credits before evaluating return.

Decision checkpoints

Use results as a decision aid. Choose a fixed tilt when roof constraints exist, or an adjustable tilt when seasonal optimization pays off. Confirm shading, row spacing, and inverter limits with a professional. If two options deliver similar output, prioritize the one with lower hardware risk, easier maintenance, and clearer warranty coverage over small modeled gains.

Track actual monthly bills for three cycles, then recalibrate baseline production. If you export CSV results, record assumptions like latitude, azimuth, and rate so comparisons remain consistent over time, even after upgrades carefully.

FAQs

What tilt should I use for year‑round output?

A practical starting point is near your absolute latitude. This calculator adjusts for season focus and then compares your chosen or roof tilt to that target to estimate energy and savings.

How accurate are the loss percentages?

They are planning estimates based on tilt difference and azimuth offset. Real performance depends on irradiance, shading, temperature, soiling, wiring, and equipment efficiency. Use measured production when available.

Do I need azimuth offset if my roof is not south‑facing?

Yes. If your array points east or west of south, output shifts through the day. Enter the offset to estimate the orientation penalty and see whether adjusting tilt can partially compensate.

What baseline production value should I enter?

Use a local benchmark or your installer’s expected kWh per kW-year. Regions vary widely. If you already have system data, divide annual kWh by system kW to derive a site‑specific baseline.

Why is roof pitch used for fixed mounts?

Fixed roof mounts usually follow the roof plane. By entering roof pitch, the calculator treats it as the selected tilt, then shows how far it deviates from the recommended seasonal or annual target.

How should I interpret simple payback?

Payback is installation cost divided by estimated annual savings. It ignores financing, maintenance, degradation, and incentives unless you adjust inputs. Use it as a quick comparison, not a full investment model.

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