Calculator Inputs
Enter current book value, discount assumptions, and five years of earnings and dividends per share forecasts.
Example Data Table
This sample shows one scenario using the default inputs included in the calculator.
| Scenario | Book Value / Share | Cost of Equity | Terminal Growth | Market Price | Estimated Value / Share | Justified P/B |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base Case | $25.00 | 9.50% | 3.00% | $42.00 | $51.34 | 2.05x |
| Year | EPS | DPS | Opening BVPS | Residual Income | Closing BVPS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | $4.20 | $1.10 | $25.00 | $1.83 | $28.10 |
| 2 | $4.60 | $1.20 | $28.10 | $1.93 | $31.50 |
| 3 | $5.00 | $1.30 | $31.50 | $2.01 | $35.20 |
| 4 | $5.30 | $1.40 | $35.20 | $1.96 | $39.10 |
| 5 | $5.60 | $1.50 | $39.10 | $1.89 | $43.20 |
Formula Used
Book Valuet = Book Valuet-1 + EPSt - DPSt
Residual Incomet = EPSt - (Cost of Equity × Opening Book Valuet)
PV(RIt) = Residual Incomet / (1 + Cost of Equity)t
Continuing Value at Year 5 = Residual Income6 / (Cost of Equity - Terminal Growth)
Value = Current Book Value + Sum of PV(Forecast Residual Income) + PV(Continuing Value)
How to Use This Calculator
- Enter the current book value per share from the latest balance sheet.
- Add the market price if you want an upside or downside comparison.
- Input shares outstanding to estimate the full intrinsic equity value.
- Set the cost of equity as your required shareholder return.
- Choose a terminal growth rate lower than the cost of equity.
- Forecast five years of earnings per share and dividends per share.
- Click the calculate button to display results above the form.
- Review the table, chart, justified price-to-book, and downloads for reporting.
FAQs
1) What does residual income valuation measure?
It estimates intrinsic value by starting with current book value and adding value created above the required return on equity. That excess return is residual income.
2) Why is book value important in this model?
Book value is the anchor of the method. The model assumes shareholders already own today’s book value, then measures additional value from future profits beyond the equity charge.
3) What is the equity charge?
The equity charge is the required return investors expect on opening book value. It equals cost of equity multiplied by the beginning book value per share.
4) Why must terminal growth stay below cost of equity?
If terminal growth equals or exceeds the cost of equity, the continuing value formula becomes unstable and can produce unrealistic or mathematically invalid values.
5) Can I use this model for banks and insurers?
Yes. Residual income models are often useful for financial firms because book value and earnings are central to how investors evaluate those businesses.
6) What does justified price-to-book mean?
It shows the implied multiple of book value supported by your assumptions. A higher number means the forecasts generate stronger value beyond the equity charge.
7) How should I choose forecast EPS and DPS values?
Use research estimates, management guidance, historical trends, and your own scenario analysis. Conservative, base, and optimistic cases often improve decision quality.
8) Is this calculator enough for an investment decision?
No. It is a decision support tool. Compare the output with multiples, cash flow analysis, balance sheet quality, and business risks before investing.