Hypothesis Testing Probability Calculator

Test assumptions with guided inputs and instant interpretation. Compare tails, significance, and effect size faster. Export results quickly for reports, study notes, or review.

Calculator Inputs

Example Data Table

These examples are illustrative reference cases for common hypothesis-testing scenarios.

Scenario Inputs Statistic P-value Decision at α = 0.05
Z test for mean n = 36, x̄ = 104, μ₀ = 100, σ = 15 z = 1.6000 0.1096 Fail to reject
T test for mean n = 25, x̄ = 52, μ₀ = 50, s = 6 t = 1.6667 0.1086 Fail to reject
Z test for proportion n = 100, x = 58, p₀ = 0.50 z = 1.6000 0.1096 Fail to reject
Chi-square variance test n = 20, s² = 81, σ₀² = 64 χ² = 24.0469 0.1921 Fail to reject

Formula Used

One-sample z test for mean

z = (x̄ - μ₀) / (σ / √n) Two-sided p-value = 2 × min[Φ(z), 1 - Φ(z)] Confidence interval = x̄ ± z(1-α/2) × σ / √n

One-sample t test for mean

t = (x̄ - μ₀) / (s / √n), with df = n - 1 Two-sided p-value = 2 × min[Ft(t), 1 - Ft(t)] Confidence interval = x̄ ± t(1-α/2, df) × s / √n

One-sample z test for proportion

p̂ = x / n z = (p̂ - p₀) / √[p₀(1-p₀)/n] Approximate interval = p̂ ± z(1-α/2) × √[p̂(1-p̂)/n]

Chi-square test for variance

χ² = (n - 1)s² / σ₀², with df = n - 1 Two-sided p-value = 2 × min[Fχ²(χ²), 1 - Fχ²(χ²)] Variance interval = ((n-1)s² / χ²upper, (n-1)s² / χ²lower)

How to Use This Calculator

  1. Select the correct hypothesis test mode for your data type.
  2. Choose whether your alternative hypothesis is two-sided, left-tailed, or right-tailed.
  3. Enter α, sample information, and any optional assumed true value for power.
  4. Press the calculate button to see the result summary above the form.
  5. Review the p-value, critical values, confidence bounds, and decision statement.
  6. Export the result as CSV or PDF for reporting and documentation.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What does the p-value mean?

The p-value measures how unusual your sample result would be if the null hypothesis were true. Smaller values indicate stronger evidence against the null model.

2. When should I use a z test instead of a t test?

Use a z test when the population standard deviation is known or when a normal approximation is explicitly justified. Use a t test when the standard deviation is estimated from the sample.

3. What does a two-sided test check?

A two-sided test checks whether the parameter differs in either direction from the hypothesized value. It detects both increases and decreases.

4. What is statistical power?

Power is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis. Higher power means the test is more likely to detect a real effect.

5. What is Type II error β?

Type II error is the probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false. Power equals one minus β.

6. Why are confidence bounds shown?

Confidence bounds provide an interval of plausible parameter values based on your sample. They complement the p-value and help show effect magnitude.

7. Can I use the variance test on non-normal data?

The chi-square variance test depends strongly on normality. If your data are far from normal, the p-value and interval may be unreliable.

8. Does this calculator replace statistical judgment?

No. It helps compute the main quantities, but study design, assumptions, data quality, and practical significance still require careful interpretation.

Notes for Better Analysis

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