Measure indoor attenuation across rooms, walls, and floors. Compare margins using gains, losses, and sensitivity. Build dependable wireless layouts with informed placement decisions today.
Use the fields below to estimate indoor attenuation, signal strength, and margin for office, warehouse, retail, or campus deployments.
These sample scenarios show how frequency, distance, and indoor barriers can change received power and usable margin.
| Scenario | Frequency | Distance | Path Exponent | Obstacle Setup | Indoor Path Loss | Received Power | Link Margin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Office Wi-Fi | 2400 MHz | 12 m | 3.1 | 2 light, 1 heavy, 1 glass | 90.49 dB | -75.49 dBm | 6.51 dB |
| Multi-floor 5 GHz | 5000 MHz | 20 m | 3.5 | 3 light, 1 heavy, 1 floor | 125.96 dB | -106.96 dBm | -16.96 dB |
| Sub-GHz Warehouse | 915 MHz | 8 m | 2.4 | 1 light, 2 glass, open floor | 61.34 dB | -48.34 dBm | 46.66 dB |
Reference path loss: PL(d₀) = 32.44 + 20 log₁₀(fMHz) + 20 log₁₀(d₀km)
Distance loss term: 10n log₁₀(d / d₀)
Obstacle loss: Light wall loss + heavy wall loss + glass loss + floor loss + soft obstruction loss
Total indoor path loss: PLindoor = PL(d₀) + 10n log₁₀(d / d₀) + obstacle loss
Received power: Prx = Ptx + Gtx + Grx − PLindoor − cable losses − fade margin
Link margin: Link Margin = Received Power − Receiver Sensitivity
This model combines the log-distance path loss approach with configurable indoor attenuation terms for practical wireless planning.
Enter the operating frequency, link distance, and path loss exponent that best matches your building environment.
Add transmitter power, antenna gains, cable losses, and receiver sensitivity to build the full wireless budget.
Set the number of light walls, heavy walls, glass partitions, and floors between the transmitter and receiver.
Include human blockage or soft obstruction loss plus a fade margin for more conservative indoor planning.
Submit the form to view indoor path loss, received power, link margin, allowable loss, and the coverage trend graph.
Use the CSV and PDF buttons to save results for design notes, client reports, or deployment comparisons.
Indoor path loss is the total signal attenuation between a transmitter and receiver inside a building. It includes distance-related decay plus losses from walls, floors, glass, people, and other indoor obstructions.
The path loss exponent controls how fast signal weakens with distance. Open indoor spaces often have lower values, while cluttered offices, factories, and dense layouts usually need higher values.
Each barrier adds attenuation on top of distance loss. Heavy walls and floors usually cause more loss than glass or lightweight partitions, so barrier count can change coverage expectations dramatically.
Fade margin is a safety allowance added to handle movement, interference, multipath fading, and day-to-day variation. Larger margins usually improve reliability but reduce the maximum usable distance.
Yes. Set the number of floors crossed and assign an estimated floor loss per level. This gives a practical first-pass estimate for indoor vertical signal planning.
Strong transmit power cannot fully overcome high frequency loss, long indoor distance, dense materials, cable losses, and conservative fade margins. Antenna placement and barrier count still matter greatly.
A positive margin means the signal exceeds receiver sensitivity. Around 10 dB or more is often comfortable, while 20 dB or more usually gives stronger resilience in difficult indoor environments.
Yes. This calculator is ideal for planning and comparison, but real buildings create reflections, shadowing, and interference. A site survey confirms final placement, channel choices, and achievable signal quality.
Important Note: All the Calculators listed in this site are for educational purpose only and we do not guarentee the accuracy of results. Please do consult with other sources as well.