Explore diffraction geometry with clean inputs and validation. Switch units easily and visualize peak behavior. Built for students, labs, and accurate crystal spacing studies.
Choose one unknown quantity, then enter the remaining values. The form stays stacked on the page, while the inputs adapt responsively.
| Case | Order n | Wavelength λ | Spacing d | Bragg Angle θ | Computed Highlight |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cu Kα on crystal plane | 1 | 1.5406 Å | 2.0000 Å | 22.65° | Condition nearly satisfied for first-order reflection |
| Find spacing from XRD peak | 1 | 0.15406 nm | Unknown | 30.00° | d ≈ 0.15406 nm |
| Find angle for known crystal | 2 | 1.20 Å | 3.00 Å | Unknown | θ determined from inverse sine relation |
| Estimate order from measured peak | Unknown | 1.00 Å | 2.50 Å | 23.58° | n expected close to an integer maximum |
Bragg’s law describes constructive interference from crystal planes:
nλ = 2d sin(θ)
θ is the Bragg angle between the incident beam and the reflecting plane. Many diffractometers display 2θ, so be careful when entering measured values.
It links diffraction order, wavelength, lattice spacing, and Bragg angle for constructive interference from parallel crystal planes. It is widely used in X-ray diffraction analysis.
Enter θ only. Many XRD instruments report 2θ on plots, so divide the measured peak position by two before using this calculator.
Mathematically, the formula can return a non-integer value. Physically, strong diffraction maxima are associated with integer orders, so the calculator shows the nearest integer and the difference.
A real Bragg angle needs nλ/(2d) to be between zero and one. If the ratio exceeds one, the chosen wavelength, spacing, or order cannot produce a valid reflection.
Use the same unit that matches your source data. Ångström and nanometer inputs are common for X-ray work, while the calculator automatically handles unit conversion internally.
Interplanar spacing, d, is the perpendicular distance between adjacent crystal planes that reflect the incoming radiation under the Bragg condition.
The graph is a simple normalized peak centered at the solved Bragg angle. It visually highlights the angular region where constructive diffraction is strongest.
Yes. It is suitable for classroom demonstrations, crystal spacing checks, quick XRD calculations, and exporting summary results for worksheets or reports.
Important Note: All the Calculators listed in this site are for educational purpose only and we do not guarentee the accuracy of results. Please do consult with other sources as well.