Calculator
Example Data Table
| Scenario | Inputs | Output highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Normal (indices) | n₁=1.00, n₂=1.50 | r≈−0.200, R≈0.040 (4% power) |
| Fresnel (30°) | n₁=1.00, n₂=1.50, θᵢ=30° | Different rₛ and rₚ; Rs and Rp differ |
| Transmission line | Z₀=50Ω, Zᴸ=75Ω | |Γ|≈0.200, VSWR≈1.50 |
These are typical values to validate your setup and units.
Formula Used
- Normal incidence (indices): r = (n₁ − n₂)/(n₁ + n₂), reflectance R = |r|².
- Normal incidence (impedance): r = (Z₂ − Z₁)/(Z₂ + Z₁), reflectance R = |r|².
- Fresnel coefficients: Use Snell’s law n₁ sinθᵢ = n₂ sinθₜ. Then rₛ = (n₁ cosθᵢ − n₂ cosθₜ)/(n₁ cosθᵢ + n₂ cosθₜ), rₚ = (n₂ cosθᵢ − n₁ cosθₜ)/(n₂ cosθᵢ + n₁ cosθₜ).
- Transmission line: Γ = (Zᴸ − Z₀)/(Zᴸ + Z₀), VSWR = (1+|Γ|)/(1−|Γ|) for |Γ|<1.
For lossy or complex media, impedance form is often more appropriate.
How to Use This Calculator
- Select a model: normal incidence, Fresnel, or transmission line.
- Enter values in consistent units (Ω for impedances, degrees for angles).
- Click Calculate to display results under the header.
- Review magnitude, phase, and power reflectance for interpretation.
- Use Download CSV or Download PDF to save outputs.