Inputs
Formula used
This calculator separates the steady “start crossing” interval (WALK) from the clearance interval (FDW). It supports single-stage and two-stage crossings.
- FDW = (Distance ÷ Speed) + Buffer
- WALK = max(MinWalk, Startup) when startup is included in WALK
- StageTotal = WALK + FDW (plus Startup if not included)
- TotalRequired = Σ StageTotal for two-stage crossings
Rounding can change minimum settings. Use conservative rounding for safety.
How to use this calculator
- Choose units, then select single-stage or two-stage crossing.
- Enter crossing distance(s) measured curb-to-curb or to refuge.
- Set a walking speed that matches the design population.
- Enter startup time and a minimum WALK setting used locally.
- Add a buffer when grades, queues, or heavy volumes exist.
- Press Calculate Timing to show results above the form.
- Use CSV or PDF export buttons for project documentation.
Example data table
| Scenario | Type | Distance(s) | Speed | Startup | Min WALK | Buffer | Total Required |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban arterial | Single-stage | 18 m | 1.20 m/s | 3.5 s | 7 s | 0 s | 22 s |
| Accessible setting | Single-stage | 24 m | 0.90 m/s | 4.0 s | 7 s | 2 s | 36 s |
| Median refuge | Two-stage | 12 m + 12 m | 1.00 m/s | 3.5 s | 7 s | 1 s | 44 s |
Example totals assume conservative rounding to whole seconds.
Professional overview
Pedestrian signal timing is a core safety control at construction interfaces, temporary detours, and permanent intersections. When lanes shift, sight lines change, or pedestrian volumes increase, the crossing time that worked before a project may no longer provide comfortable clearance. A clear timing calculation supports field decisions, reduces complaints, and helps keep work zones compliant with accessibility expectations.
A typical pedestrian phase contains two parts. The WALK interval provides time for a person to perceive the display, decide to start, and enter the crosswalk. The clearance interval (often shown as a flashing display) provides time for a person already in the crosswalk to reach a safe point. In practice, designers select a walking speed that represents the target user group, then add reasonable startup and buffer allowances for congestion, grade, surface condition, or turning conflicts.
This calculator follows a transparent structure so you can document assumptions. It computes clearance time from distance divided by walking speed, then adds an optional buffer. The WALK setting is compared with startup time to ensure the displayed “start crossing” interval is not shorter than the time needed to react. Rounding options are included because agencies often require whole‑second settings, and conservative rounding helps protect minimums.
Example: an 18 m single-stage crossing with a 1.20 m/s walking speed, 3.5 s startup, 7 s minimum WALK, and no buffer yields a clearance of 15 s and a WALK of 7 s, for a 22 s total. For an accessible setting, lowering the speed to 0.90 m/s and adding a 2 s buffer increases required time to reflect slower movement and potential crowding. Where a median refuge is used, the two-stage option sums the stages so each segment is timed with its own distance and the same design speed.
In construction staging, required pedestrian time must also fit within the overall signal cycle. If the crossing is coordinated with adjacent signals, increasing pedestrian clearance can affect progression and queue storage. Consider whether pedestrian actuation is used, whether a recall is needed during peak foot traffic, and whether a leading pedestrian interval is appropriate where turning movements create conflicts. When timings change, update sign plans, controller settings, and field markings together so the displayed indications match the intended walk path.
Use the exported CSV or PDF to keep a record of distances, selected speeds, and final totals in your design package. For final approvals, always confirm the chosen parameters against your local traffic authority guidance and the site’s temporary traffic management plan.
FAQs
1) What walking speed should I use?
Choose a speed that matches your design population. Busy urban areas, older users, school zones, and work zones often justify a lower speed. Confirm with your local standard and site observations.
2) What is startup time and why does it matter?
Startup time represents perception, decision, and initial movement. If WALK is shorter than startup, some users may enter late and still be in the crosswalk during clearance, increasing risk.
3) Should startup be included in WALK or added separately?
Many practices ensure WALK is at least the startup time. If your agency treats startup separately, select “No” so startup is added to the total, and document that choice.
4) When should I add a clearance buffer?
Add buffer when grade is steep, surfaces are rough, queues form at the curb, or turning vehicles create hesitation. Buffers are also helpful in temporary crossings where guidance is less familiar.
5) How do I measure crossing distance correctly?
Measure curb-to-curb along the pedestrian path, including ramp transitions if they affect travel. For a median refuge, measure each stage separately from curb to refuge and refuge to curb.
6) Why does rounding change the result?
Signal controllers and policies often use whole seconds. Ceil rounding preserves minimums, while floor rounding can reduce safety margin. Use the rounding rule that matches your jurisdiction.
7) Can I use this output for final design approvals?
Use it for documented estimates and early checks. Final settings should be confirmed with authority requirements, pedestrian field conditions, coordination with vehicle phases, and any special accessibility devices.